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Action Learning Modules
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A 
1 - Artificial Lift Methods (a282) 
Competency Statement:
Learning Objective:
- Distinguish among the common methods of artificial lift and understand their advantages and limitations.
- Select the most appropriate artificial lift method for a given set of well and economic conditions.
- Perform basic surface and subsurface design calculations for gas lift and pump-assisted systems.
- Monitor artificial lift performance .
Assignment Instruction:
Background Learning Prerequisites:
In order to successfully complete this assignment, you will need to complete the following Background Learning subtopics, or be familiar with the subject matter that they contain:
Artificial Lift Methods (Superseded December 2006)
Artificial Lift Methods
C 2 - Cementing (a45)
Competency Statement:
Learning Objective:
- determine the volume, displacement and density requirements for cementing a casing string
- select the cement additives appropriate to a given job
- specify the casing accessories to be use on a primary cement job
- outline the steps involved in cementing a string of casing
- evaluate the results of a primary or squeeze cementing operation
- calculate the volumes and displacements required to set a cement plug
Assignment Instruction:
Well 5A1-SW has been drilled to T.D., and the openhole formation evaluation program has been completed. It is now time to run and cement the production string. The purpose of this primary cement job, in which cement slurry is pumped down through the casing and up the casing-hole annulus, is to form a seal between the casing and formation, and to support the weight of the casing string.
In this module, you will determine how much cement you need for the production casing, what materials and additives you should use, what casing accessories and equipment you need, and what procedures you should follow. You will then evaluate the success of the primary cement job and, if necessary, recommend remedial work.
Background Learning Prerequisites:
In order to successfully complete this assignment, you will need to complete the following Background Learning subtopics, or be familiar with the subject matter that they contain:
Cementing
3 - Compaction and Subsidence (a127)
Competency Statement:
Learning Objective:
- measure compaction, subsidence parameters.
- determine the significanc of these parrmeters with re determining drive mechanisms, etc.
Assignment Instruction:
Compaction also takes place when fluids are withdrawn from a subsurface formation. Fluid withdrawal causes a decrease in pore pressure, which in turn increases the grain-to-grain, or matrix pressure of the rock particles and causes them to compact. The amount of compaction that occurs in a given formation depends only upon the difference between the vertically applied overburden pressure and the fluid, or pore pressure. Thus, the uniaxial compaction of a rock sample of thickness h can be expressed as
DVb/ Vb = Dh/h
Depending on geological conditions, subsurface compaction may be associated with varying degrees of subsidence, or sinking of the ground at the surface.
Compaction and its associated effect of surface subsidence can, in certain situations, have significant effects on reservoir management strategies and field operations. In this Assignment, you will build your general understanding of these phenomena and see how they can influence reservoir engineering decisions. You will also look at a system that has been developed by PDVSA to describe and predict compaction and subsidence in areas where they are of particular concern.
By the time you complete this assignment, you should be able to identify situations where compaction and subsidence may be important considerations in a reservoir management strategy, and you should be able to begin using computer-based tools for predicting compaction and subsidence under various conditions.
PLEASE NOTE:The Assignment for this Learning Module refers to the HUNDCALC subsidence prediction system developed by PDVSA (Maraven), and described in the document Procesos Operativos y de Calculos Del Sistema de Prediccion de Hundimiento "HUNDCALC" (REN-836, author Carlos Wulff, November 1994). If you cannot access this document through your company's Intranet, or by clicking on the "Practical Knowledge" link, please contact your mentor or system administrator.
Background Learning Prerequisites:
In order to successfully complete this assignment, you will need to complete the following Background Learning subtopics, or be familiar with the subject matter that they contain:
Reservoirs
Porosity Evolution in Sandstone Reservoirs
Drilling Problems and Drilling Optimization
Reservoir Environments and Characterization
Fundamentals of Reservoir Engineering
4 - Contracts (a209)
Competency Statement:
Learning Objective:
- analyze field projects and generate contract models
- evaluate contracts in terms of project profitability
Assignment Instruction:
A contract defines the rights that each party has in a business relationship, the obligations that each party has toward the other, and the legal, fiscal and operating terms under which these rights and obligations are maintained. When properly drafted and negotiated in good faith, a contract works to the mutual benefit and protection of both parties. It is important, therefore, that you understand and be able to apply key contract provisions.
In this Learning Module, you will focus on two types of contracts: a term sheet for a Turnkey Drilling Contract with Daywork Provisions, patterned after the International Association of Drilling Contractors’ model (IADC--1998), and a Master Agreement for Contract Services, patterned after models developed by the IADC and the International Association of Geophysical Contractors (IAGC).
Background Learning Prerequisites:
In order to successfully complete this assignment, you will need to complete the following Background Learning subtopics, or be familiar with the subject matter that they contain:
D 5 - Data Acquisition (a161)
Competency Statement:
Learning Objective:
Assignment Instruction:
In this assignment, you will plan a data acquisition program for the Upper/Middle Sands that includes the following elements:
- Present and future objectives
- Data requirements
- Data sources
- Acquisition methods
- Interpretation of collected data
By the time you complete this assignment, you should be able to acquire and analyze pressure data, PVT reports, production records, injection records, production tests, fluid sampling, injectivity tests, and other information for the purpose of monitoring reservoir behavior.
The exploration/appraisal program for this reservoir is currently in its third year. So far, four wells have been drilled: 4E1-NE, 5C1-SW (suspended), 2A5-NE and 5A1-SW.
Background Learning Prerequisites:
In order to successfully complete this assignment, you will need to complete the following Background Learning subtopics, or be familiar with the subject matter that they contain:
Reservoir Environments and Characterization
Fundamentals of Reservoir Engineering
Reservoir Modeling and Reserves Evaluation
Issues in Reservoir Management
Integrated Reservoir Characterization
6 - Directional, Horizontal and Multilateral Wells (a46)
Competency Statement:
Learning Objective:
- identify reservoirs that are suitable candidates for horizontal or multilateral wells
- apply knowledge of the reservoir to a selection of the well trajectory
- select the best general completion design for a horizontal or multilateral well in a given reservoir
Assignment Instruction:
In this assignment, you will define basic directional drilling parameters and establish the trajectory for a possible re-drill of an existing well. You will look at the feasibility of horizontal and multilateral wells from a reservoir management perspective, and consider some of the issues involved in planning and designing these wells. By the time you complete this module, you should be able to calculate a simple well trajectory, identify candidate reservoirs for horizontal wells and select the best general completion design for a given reservoir.
Well 5C1-SW was the second well drilled in the Upper/Middle sands. Detailed log analysis and an open hole formation test indicated that the top of the Upper Sand at 14800 ft [4511 m] was below the oil-water contact. The well was subsequently plugged back with cement to the surface casing and suspended
Several members of the reservoir management team have suggested re-drilling this well upstructure to Block 5B1-NE. The drilling department will evaluate the feasibility and costs of re-drilling from below the surface casing. Your job will be to establish some of the basic directional parameters and calculating a trajectory for this well, which will be designated 5C1-SW R/D.
Background Learning Prerequisites:
In order to successfully complete this assignment, you will need to complete the following Background Learning subtopics, or be familiar with the subject matter that they contain:
Directional and Horizontal Drilling
- Deviation in Vertical Wells
- Directional Drilling Tools and Techniques
- Horizontal Wells
- Drilling Hydraulics in Deviated Wells
- Drill String & Bit Considerations in Deviated Wells
Horizontal Wells: Completion and Evaluation
7 - Drilling and Workover Fluids (a43)
Competency Statement:
Learning Objective:
- evaluate the features, benefits and limitations of various mud systems and additives, and select the one most appropriate for a given well
- specify controls on fluid properties in order to optimize drilling and workover operations
Assignment Instruction:
The AFE for drilling Well 5A1-SW has been approved, and operations are getting underway. Once drilling begins, your job will be to closely monitor the properties of the mud system you have selected, and to make changes in the mud system as operating conditions may require.
Background Learning Prerequisites:
In order to successfully complete this assignment, you will need to complete the following Background Learning subtopics, or be familiar with the subject matter that they contain:
Drilling Fluids and the Circulating System
- Drilling Fluid Functions, Composition & Properties
- Drilling Rig Circulating System
- Drilling Fluid Components & Additives
- Drilling Fluid Systems
- Field Tests of Drilling Fluids
Drilling Problems and Drilling Optimization
8 - Drilling and Workover Hydraulics (a44)
Competency Statement:
Learning Objective:
- determine the pressure losses that occur in the rig circulating system
- use basic calculation methods to determine optimal bit nozzle size, annular velocity and other rig hydraulics parameters
- diagnose drilling problems resulting from poor hydraulics practices
Assignment Instruction:
The easiest way to control and optimize drilling hydraulics is to select the appropriate bit nozzle diameters for delivering the maximum amount of hydraulic energy to the bottom of the hole.
In assignment, you will learn to use drilling hydraulics principles to maximize penetration rates, ensure hole stability, optimize hole cleaning characteristics and minimize formation damage.
By the time you complete this module, you should be able to determine pressure losses in the rig circulating system and select the appropriate bit nozzle diameters for optimizing hydraulic energy.
Background Learning Prerequisites:
In order to successfully complete this assignment, you will need to complete the following Background Learning subtopics, or be familiar with the subject matter that they contain:
Drilling Problems and Drilling Optimization
Drill Bits
9 - Drilling Operations (a244)
Competency Statement:
Learning Objective:
- Optimize drilling performance through careful monitoring and analysis of well parameters.
- Select bottomhole assembly configurations for various hole intervals and operating conditions.
- Oversee routine cementing operations in shallow hole intervals.
- Diagnose a stuck pipe incident and outline fishing procedures.
- Monitor drilling parameters for indications of abnormal pore pressure and take the approriate initial actions in response to a potential kick situation.
Assignment Instruction:
Background Learning Prerequisites:
In order to successfully complete this assignment, you will need to complete the following Background Learning subtopics, or be familiar with the subject matter that they contain:
Oilfield Safety
- Emergency Prepareness
- Incident Reporting & Investigation
- Safety Hazards in Oil & Gas Production
- Safe Work Practices
Well Planning
Drill String Components
Drilling Fluids and the Circulating System
- Drilling Fluid Functions, Composition & Properties
- Drilling Rig Circulating System
- Drilling Fluid Components & Additives
Directional and Horizontal Drilling
Drilling Problems and Drilling Optimization
- Drilling Rig Hydraulics
- Abnormal Pressure Environments
- Kick Detection & Control
- Stuck Pipe
- Fishing Operations
- Drilling Optimization
Cementing
Drill Bits
10 - Drilling Program Planning and Implementation (a243)
Competency Statement:
Learning Objective:
- Outline mud system specifications for individual hole sections based on well conditions and drilling objectives.
- Establish basic well control requirements.
- Specify circulating system requirements and evaluate hydraulics practices based on offset well performance.
- Review offset bit performance as a basis for developing bit selection criteria for a new well.
- Provide general recommendations for the drill string configuration and design of the bottomhole assembly.
- Review rig specifications and capabilities in the context of drilling program requirements.
Assignment Instruction:
Background Learning Prerequisites:
In order to successfully complete this assignment, you will need to complete the following Background Learning subtopics, or be familiar with the subject matter that they contain:
Well Planning
Drill String Components
Drilling Fluids and the Circulating System
- Drilling Fluid Functions, Composition & Properties
- Drilling Rig Circulating System
- Drilling Fluid Components & Additives
- Drilling Fluid Systems
- Field Tests of Drilling Fluids
- Clay Chemistry
- Solids Control
Directional and Horizontal Drilling
Drilling Problems and Drilling Optimization
- Drilling Objectives
- Drilling Rig Hydraulics
- Abnormal Pressure Environments
- Kick Detection & Control
- Lost Circulation
- Borehole Instability
- Hydrogen Sulfide
- Drilling Optimization
Drill Bits
E 11 - Economic Evaluation (a201)
Competency Statement:
Learning Objective:
Assignment Instruction:
Case 1a | Case 2a | Case 3a | |
MDR | 7500 STB/D | 15000 STB/D | 22500 STB/D |
Exploration/appraisal wells to be completed | 4 | 4 | 4 |
Additional wells to be drilled and completed | 1 | 6 | 11 |
Total number of wells | 5 | 10 | 15 |
The simulator runs used to generate these cases were based on the following assumptions:
- Volumetric (closed pressure boundary) reservoir.
- Production begins in the first production year at the MDR, even though the reservoir actually produced at low rates under test conditions during the exploration/appraisal stage.
- Average initial production per well = 1500 STB/D [apx. 240 m3/D]—under the assumed reservoir parameters, this appears to be the maximum natural flow rate that is sustainable for a significant time period.
In this assignment, you will compile the available information and generate net discounted cash flow predictions for each of these cases. You will then evaluate each case in terms of its primary economic indicators, taking into account the sensitivity of the evaluation to uncertainties in the input parameters.
NOTE: An MS Excel spreadsheet, Proj_Template, has been included as a reference for this assignment. You may use this spreadsheet to enter input parameters and run economics for each Case. If you do so, be sure to save each case as a separate file, because you will be referring back to it as you progress through the assignment.
Background Learning Prerequisites:
In order to successfully complete this assignment, you will need to complete the following Background Learning subtopics, or be familiar with the subject matter that they contain:
Risk Analysis Applied to Petroleum Investments
F 12 - Flow Unit Determination (a129)
Competency Statement:
Learning Objective:
- Establish the areal and vertical distribution of zones with similar behavior in agreement with the reservoir model.
- Identify and delineate the rock volumes with sedimentological, petrophysical and reservoir properties that enable hydraulic communication.
Assignment Instruction:
The purpose of geological mapping is to identify flow units that contain oil and gas, and once they are found, to apply geologic evidence and concepts toward achieving the most efficient development and production of these prospects. However, it is important to remember that these geologic maps are never finished. When new wells are drilled or old wells are re-examined, new information becomes available, and the extent and geometry of flow units must be updated. Original maps may be based upon a few scattered control points. This means that in the early stages of geological work, a careful study of the local area should be made.
Lithofacies maps are quite helpful in defining various reservoir rock types. The correlation of a number of reservoir properties, including porosity and permeability, becomes much more meaningful when applied to a specific rock type.
During the production phase of a reservoir, more information about flow units is obtained by transient well testing and careful monitoring of individual well performance. Reservoir pressure maps are particularly useful for evaluating reservoir continuity. The areal distribution of reservoir pressure in different zones as a function of time can help us to identify pay discontinuities and flow barriers. Vertical pressure profiles are also useful in defining the effect of vertical permeability within a given reservoir section.
History matching of field performance, using a numerical reservoir simulator, can provide great insight into the continuity of flow units and reservoir properties in inter-well areas where there is no measurements. In this process, the geological properties such porosity, permeability and pay continuity are changed in order to match the observed field performance.
Different steps in gathering data for flow unit determination are:
In the geological phase:
- General reservoir configuration
- Fluids distribution
- Continuity and thickness
- Rock type, porosity and permeability cutoffs
- Fluid contacts
- Vertical stratification
During the production phase:
- Logging
- Well performance
- Well testing
- Relative permeability, capillary pressure and wettability tests
- Inter-well tracers
In this assignment, you will be taking a short break from your work in the Sucre field, while the geologists on the reservoir management team prepare an analysis of some of the information that has been gathered so far from the upper/middle sands. During this time you will work on identifying the flow units within another reservoir where your company is actively involved in the Nuri formation.
Background Learning Prerequisites:
In order to successfully complete this assignment, you will need to complete the following Background Learning subtopics, or be familiar with the subject matter that they contain:
Dipmeter Surveys
Geologic Cross-Sections
Subsurface Facies Analysis
- Sedimentary Environments & Facies
- Lithology
- Sedimentary Structures, Geometry & Facies
- Sandstone Reservoir Facies
- Carbonate Reservoir Facies
Classic Sequence Stratigraphy
Applications of Petroleum Geochemistry
Cased Hole Logging
Reservoir Environments and Characterization
Fundamentals of Reservoir Engineering
13 - Flowing Well Performance and Production System Analysis (a281)
Competency Statement:
Learning Objective:
- Use production data to define a well's IPR and flow potential under current operating conditions.
- Predict changes in well potential resulting from declining reservoir pressures.
- Evaluate the effects of various operating parameters on flowing well performance.
- Design a single-well production system based on analysis of individual system components.
- Select the appropriate tubing and flowline diameters for optimizing well performance.
- Predict future production rates based on changing operating conditions.
Assignment Instruction:
Background Learning Prerequisites:
In order to successfully complete this assignment, you will need to complete the following Background Learning subtopics, or be familiar with the subject matter that they contain:
Fluid Flow and the Production System
G 14 - Geologic/Seismic Integration (a162)
Competency Statement:
Learning Objective:
Assignment Instruction:
In this assignment, you will consider how various geological and geophysical tools can be used for reservoir monitoring, and determine their applicability to the surveillance program for the Upper/Middle Sands.
By the time you complete this assignment, you should be able to establish a basis for integrating geophysical and geological data and incorporating them into the reservoir surveillance program.
The exploration/appraisal program for this reservoir is currently in its third year. So far, four wells have been drilled: 4E1-NE, 5C1-SW (suspended), 2A5-NE and 5A1-SW.
Background Learning Prerequisites:
In order to successfully complete this assignment, you will need to complete the following Background Learning subtopics, or be familiar with the subject matter that they contain:
Gravity and Magnetics
Cased Hole Logging
Reservoir Environments and Characterization
Other Geophysical Techniques
Crosswell Seismology
- When to Run a Crosswell Survey
- Crosswell Data Acquisition
- Crosswell Seismic Data Processing and Analysis
- Crosswell Seismology Recommended Practices
Integrated Reservoir Characterization
15 - Geological Model Updating (a163)
Competency Statement:
Learning Objective:
Assignment Instruction:
In this assignment, you will review available information from the Upper/Middle Sands and compare it with the present geological model. You will then revise the geological model as necessary. Based on your interpretations, you will develop important insights into the reservoir continuity and depositional environment, and establish or confirm the reservoir limits.
By the time you complete this module, you should be able to apply information from well logs, core samples and other data sources to refine the geological model of the reservoir, including its structure, stratigrapy, dimensions and boundaries.
The exploration/appraisal program for the Upper/Middle Sands has been completed, and the reservoir is currently entering its first development year. Wells drilled and evaluated to date are 4E1-NE, 5C1-SW (suspended), 2A5-NE, 5A1-SW and 5A2-SE.
Background Learning Prerequisites:
In order to successfully complete this assignment, you will need to complete the following Background Learning subtopics, or be familiar with the subject matter that they contain:
Well Log Interpretation
Subsurface Facies Analysis
- Sedimentary Environments & Facies
- Lithology
- Sedimentary Structures, Geometry & Facies
- Sources of Information
- Sandstone Reservoir Facies
Reservoir Environments and Characterization
Fundamentals of Reservoir Engineering
H 16 - Health, Safety and Environment (a203)
Competency Statement:
Learning Objective:
- apply the laws, regulations and norms in matters of personal, industrial and environmental safety, with the objective of protecting the integrity of persons, installations, equipment and the environment.
- identify instances in which safe practices are not being followed, and take steps to correct the situation
Assignment Instruction:
In this module assignment, you will be observing drilling rig operations with an eye toward your own personal safety and that of others at the wellsite. You will review incident descriptions from various field locations and try to determine what went wrong in each case and how the incident could have been prevented. And you will look at several issues related to fire protection at an upstream production facility.
Background Learning Prerequisites:
In order to successfully complete this assignment, you will need to complete the following Background Learning subtopics, or be familiar with the subject matter that they contain:
Oilfield Safety
I 17 - Implementation of Reservoir Development Strategies (a206)
Competency Statement:
Learning Objective:
- Use reservoir studies to develop a resource base (drilling plans, future improved recovery, information acquisition, application of new technologies, facilities and infrastructure).
Evaluate reservoir exploitation schemes through the use of corporate management indicators
Assignment Instruction:
Background Learning Prerequisites:
In order to successfully complete this assignment, you will need to complete the following Background Learning subtopics, or be familiar with the subject matter that they contain:
Fundamentals of Reservoir Engineering
Improved Recovery Processes
Reservoir Modeling and Reserves Evaluation
Issues in Reservoir Management
18 - Improved Recovery (a205)
Competency Statement:
Learning Objective:
- Apply basic screening criteria and determine a reservoir’s suitability for various improved recovery processes, including waterflooding and enhanced oil recovery.
- Observe waterflood performance and perform basic recovery calculations, based on a frontal advance model and analysis of fractional flow curves.
- Determine the displacement efficiency of a pilot waterflood.
Assignment Instruction:
- secondary recovery, which includes waterflooding and immiscible gas injection
- enhanced oil recovery (EOR), which includes miscible, chemical and thermal methods.
Although individual processes vary widely in type and applicability to particular conditions, they have one objective in common: to improve the displacement efficiency of hydrocarbons from the reservoir.
In this assignment, you will review the performance of the Upper/Middle Sands under primary depletion and conduct a preliminary waterflood screening, including a pilot flood to serve as a field trial of the process. The reservoir has been on production for just over one year. There are currently 15 active wells.
Background Learning Prerequisites:
In order to successfully complete this assignment, you will need to complete the following Background Learning subtopics, or be familiar with the subject matter that they contain:
Basic Completion Design and Practices
Oil Well Testing
Fluid Flow and the Production System
- Production Systems
- Inflow Performance Relationship
- Vertical Lift Performance
- Flowing Well Performance
Production Performance Evaluation
Fundamentals of Reservoir Engineering
- Basic Concepts in Reservoir Engineering
- Reservoir Fluid Flow & Natural Drive Mechanisms
- Reservoir Fluid Flow & Natural Drive Mechanisms
Improved Recovery Processes
- Secondary Recovery: Waterflooding & Gas Injection
- Secondary Recovery: Waterflooding & Gas Injection
- Enhanced Recovery: Miscible Flooding
Reservoir Modeling and Reserves Evaluation
Issues in Reservoir Management
19 - Initial Well Planning (a241)
Competency Statement:
Learning Objective:
- Review an initial well proposal and identify key drilling and completion objectives.
- Gather and evaluate offset data and other information pertinent to the well objectives.
- Document and evaluate indicators of potential drilling hazards and/or HSE risks.
- Identify appropriate methods for predicting pore pressures, fracture pressures, and subsurface temperatures, and plot predicted pressures and temperatures versus depth.
- Determine formation fluids to be encountered and potential contaminants.
- Outline critical issues relating to surface location, including those related to logistics, safety and environmental protection.
- Generate a budget-level estimate of dry-hole and total well costs.
Assignment Instruction:
Background Learning Prerequisites:
In order to successfully complete this assignment, you will need to complete the following Background Learning subtopics, or be familiar with the subject matter that they contain:
Well Planning
- Well Selection
- AFE Preparation
- Well Plan Organization & Data Gathering
- Well Design Considerations
- Rig Design Considerations
- Procedures
Drilling Problems and Drilling Optimization
20 - Interdisciplinary Data Acquisition (a121)
Competency Statement:
Learning Objective:
- access PDVSA engineering and geoscience databases and identify information that is relevant to the field under study.
- classify information according to discipline and what reservoir parameters it helps to define.
Assignment Instruction:
In this Learning Module assignment, the reservoir is in the early appraisal stage of its life. Its status at the time of this assignment is as follows:
- A structure contour map has been generated from seismic data and interpretations of regional geological data.
- Well 4E1-NE, the discovery well, is currently on an extended production test.
- Well 5C1-SW tested all water, and was subsequently suspended.
- Drilling is in progress on Well 2A5-NE. A conventional coring program has been authorized, and should be getting underway soon.
The reservoir management team is already at work compiling a database of reservoir information. Your job in this assignment is to provide some ideas of what this database can contribute to the task of reservoir management, and what information should be added to it.
Background Learning Prerequisites:
In order to successfully complete this assignment, you will need to complete the following Background Learning subtopics, or be familiar with the subject matter that they contain:
Hydrocarbon Indicators
Oil Well Testing
Reservoir Environments and Characterization
Fundamentals of Reservoir Engineering
Reservoir Modeling and Reserves Evaluation
Issues in Reservoir Management
M 21 - Multidisciplinary Reservoir Management (a6)
Competency Statement:
Learning Objective:
- demonstrate a basic knowledge of disciplines outside of reservoir engineering (i.e., Geology, Sedimentology, Petrophysiscs, Geophysics, etc.), and establish a working relationship with specialists from these disciplines.
- understand the role of different disciplines in the overall process of reservoir characterization and exploitation.
Assignment Instruction:
In this assignment, you will review the well and field data that have been gathered to date for the Upper/Middle sands, so that you can have an idea of what tools are available for describing the subsurface environment. You will also look at how various E&P disciplines may fit into the overall reservoir management task.
Background Learning Prerequisites:
In order to successfully complete this assignment, you will need to complete the following Background Learning subtopics, or be familiar with the subject matter that they contain:
Reservoir Environments and Characterization
Fundamentals of Reservoir Engineering
Issues in Reservoir Management
P 22 - Permitting for Well Operations (a202)
Competency Statement:
Learning Objective:
Assignment Instruction:
As is true for similar regulatory agencies in other countries, the Ministry of Natural Resources oversees the permitting of oil and gas operations, including those that pertain to well drilling, completion workover and abandonment.
The Ministry's permitting requirements are basically the same as those of the Ministry of Energy and Mines (MEM) in the neighboring Republic of Venezuela, and the norms that it has established for oil and gas operations are identical to MEM standards. For this reason, the questions that you are asked in this assignment use MEM standards as primary reference sources.
In this learning module assignment, you will apply the permitting requirements of the Ministry in the following areas:
- Drilling of a new well
- Workover and abandonment operations
- Project management as it relates to improved recovery operations, well spacing critieria and gas utilization requirements.
Background Learning Prerequisites:
In order to successfully complete this assignment, you will need to complete the following Background Learning subtopics, or be familiar with the subject matter that they contain:
23 - Petrophysical Model Updating (a164)
Competency Statement:
Learning Objective:
Assignment Instruction:
In this assignment, you will determine reservoir properties for input into the Upper/Middle Sands petrophysical model. By the time you complete this assignment, you should be able to use well logs, cores, correlations and other tools to establish the distribution of petorphysical properties in the reservoir.
The exploration/appraisal program for the Upper/Middle Sands has been completed, and the reservoir is currently entering its first development year. Wells drilled and evaluated to date are 4E1-NE, 5C1-SW (suspended), 2A5-NE, 5A1-SW and 5A2-SE.
Background Learning Prerequisites:
In order to successfully complete this assignment, you will need to complete the following Background Learning subtopics, or be familiar with the subject matter that they contain:
Well Log Interpretation
Coring and Core Analysis
24 - Pressure/Production Data Analysis (a128)
Competency Statement:
Learning Objective:
- review and acquire well test information
- validate pressure test information
- prepare well test data for analysis
- diagnose and interpret the pressure test
- design and interpret production records; analyze production behavior
Assignment Instruction:
Background Learning Prerequisites:
In order to successfully complete this assignment, you will need to complete the following Background Learning subtopics, or be familiar with the subject matter that they contain:
Well Log Interpretation
Fundamentals of Well Testing
- Pressure Profiles at the Wellbore
- Defining the Reservoir Model
- Quantitative Well Test Interpretation
- Well Test Planning & Execution
Oil Well Testing
25 - Production Facilities (a83)
Competency Statement:
Learning Objective:
- determine fluid handling and transport requirements for surface facilities and equipment
- identify the surface facility components needed to handle the field's production, specifying their capacities and pressure ratings
- generate a general surface facilities layout showing the path of the produced fluids from the wellhead to the transportation point (pipeline or loading rack)
Assignment Instruction:
A production forecast has been generated for the Upper/Middle sands based on extended production tests and currently available rock and fluid data. You will decide how to use this forecast in sizing the surface facilities, and you will determine what types of fluid handling, separation and treating equipment will be needed. You will also specify the path that the produced fluids will follow through the production facility. Although your work will be of a very preliminary and general nature, it will be instrumental in future cost analyses, budget planning, and, ultimately, selection of an optimal reservoir development scenario.
Background Learning Prerequisites:
In order to successfully complete this assignment, you will need to complete the following Background Learning subtopics, or be familiar with the subject matter that they contain:
Wellheads, Flow Control Equipment and Flowlines
Fluid Separation and Treatment
Natural Gas Fluid Properties
26 - Production Methods (a81)
Competency Statement:
Learning Objective:
- select the optimal completion design and the proper surface and subsurface equipment for producing a flowing oil well efficiently and economically
- optimize flowing well performance based on knowledge of inflow performance, vertical lift performance and surface choke performance
- determine when artificial lift will be necessary in order to maintain oil production at desired levels, and select the most appropriate lift method for a given well
- specify design and equipment requirements for placing a well on artificial lift
Assignment Instruction:
Well 5A1-SW has been recently drilled to the Upper/Middle sands. It is to be completed by selectively perforating the 7-inch casing, which has been cemented at a depth of 14400 ft. In this module assignment, you will review actual and estimated field data, select the general well configuration, and specify requirements for subsurface producing equipment. You will define the well's inflow performance relationship (IPR), determine its vertical lift performance for various producing rates, and establish surface flow parameters. You will then combine these analyses to define and predict the flowing well's performance. You will also review various artificial lift methods to determine how this well will be produced once it can no longer flow.
Background Learning Prerequisites:
In order to successfully complete this assignment, you will need to complete the following Background Learning subtopics, or be familiar with the subject matter that they contain:
Basic Completion Design and Practices
- General Design Criteria
- Basic Downhole Configurations
- Lift Methods
- Completion Productivity
- Completion Planning
Fluid Flow and the Production System
- Production Systems
- Inflow Performance Relationship
- Vertical Lift Performance
- Flowing Well Performance
Artificial Lift Methods (Superseded December 2006)
- Gas Lift: System Design
- Rod Pumping System Design
- Rod Pump System Monitoring
- Hydraulic Pumping System Design
- Hydraulic Pumping: Well Operation
- ESP System Design
- ESP System Monitoring & Operation
- Other Subsurface Pump Systems
Completion Equipment
27 - Production Optimization (a82)
Competency Statement:
Learning Objective:
- analyze well behavior, using nodal analysis and interpreting historical production trends
- diagnose equipment problems and/or detect production deviations
- identify production problems relating to pressure decline, water, gas or sand production, low productivity, formation damage or equipment failure
- recommend actions required for optimizing production, identify candidate wells for well servicing, stimulation and/or sand control and indicate the best method to use
Assignment Instruction:
Well 5A1-SW has been completed in the Upper/Middle sands, and a production and buildup tests have been completed. You now need to see if the well's actual performance matches what was predicted before its completion. You will be looking for ways to optimize this well's production under both current and future reservoir conditions. You will also look at other wells, including two that are currently producing using electric submersible pumps and one that is planned as a rod pump completion, and make recommendations regarding their performance.
Background Learning Prerequisites:
In order to successfully complete this assignment, you will need to complete the following Background Learning subtopics, or be familiar with the subject matter that they contain:
Wireline Production Operations
- Wireline Surface Equipment
- Wireline Tool String, Basic Components
- Wireline Tubing Conditioning Skills
- Wireline Remedial Operations
- Wireline Well Maintenance & Data Gathering
- Wireline Operating Requirements
Basic Completion Design and Practices
- General Design Criteria
- Basic Downhole Configurations
- Lift Methods
- Completion Productivity
- Completion Planning
Fluid Flow and the Production System
- Production Systems
- Inflow Performance Relationship
- Vertical Lift Performance
- Flowing Well Performance
Artificial Lift Methods (Superseded December 2006)
- Gas Lift: System Design
- Rod Pumping System Design
- ESP System Design
- ESP System Monitoring & Operation
Completion Equipment
R 28 - Reserves Definitions, Reporting and Mapping (a126)
Competency Statement:
Learning Objective:
- access the applications used to generate MEM maps in official formatt
- generate a map using the applciations.
Assignment Instruction:
The Ministry's organization and objectives are basically the same as those of the Ministry of Energy and Mines (MEM) in the neighboring Republic of Venezuela, and the norms that it has established for oil and gas operations are identical to MEM standards. For this reason, the questions that you are asked in this assignment use MEM standards as primary reference sources.
To access the MEM references, click on the "Practical Knowledge" link
In this Assignment, you will review the present status of the Upper/Middle sand reservoir, determine what reports you need to submit to the Ministry, and decide how to classify well locations and estimated hydrocarbon reserves in keeping with established norms. You will also ensure that the symbols and conventions used in the official maps that are submitted with these reports are consistent with Ministry standards. By the time you complete the Assignment, you should be able to comply with MEM standards for reporting reserves and generating subsurface maps using accepted symbols, conventions and nomenclature.
The current status of the Upper/Middle sand reservoir is as follows:
- Well 4E1-NE, the discovery well, is on an extended production test. Permanent completion is pending.
- Well 5C1-SW was suspended after well logs and a formation test indicated that it exposed the Upper Sand below the water-oil contact.
- Well 2A5-NE has been drilled and tested, and a successful open hole formation test has been carried out.
Background Learning Prerequisites:
In order to successfully complete this assignment, you will need to complete the following Background Learning subtopics, or be familiar with the subject matter that they contain:
Subsurface Mapping
Fundamentals of Reservoir Engineering
Reservoir Modeling and Reserves Evaluation
29 - Reservoir Drive Mechanisms (a4)
Competency Statement:
Learning Objective:
- identify primary reservoir drive mechanisms (solution gas drive, water drive, gas cap drive) by observing production and pressure trends.
- estimate original hydrocarbons in place, using both volumetric and material balance methods, and develop a range of estimates for technical recovery factors and reserves.
Assignment Instruction:
| (1) | How much hydrocarbon is there? | |
| (2) | How much of it is recoverable? | |
| (3) | How fast can it be recovered? |
In other words, we need to determine , respectively, the oil and gas in place, the reserves, and the production rate.
Your job in this assignment scenario is to review the reservoir data that have been collected to this point and
- estimate the original hydrocarbon in place using volumetric and material balance methods,
- qualitatively evaluate the reservoir drive mechanisms, and
- estimate the reservoir’s primary recovery factor
Background Learning Prerequisites:
In order to successfully complete this assignment, you will need to complete the following Background Learning subtopics, or be familiar with the subject matter that they contain:
Fundamentals of Reservoir Engineering
Reservoir Modeling and Reserves Evaluation
30 - Reservoir Management and Control (a204)
Competency Statement:
Learning Objective:
- Manage available resources (e.g., reserves, assets, personnel, budget) in order to maximize hydrocarbon reserves and minimize recovery cost.
- Make appropriate reservoir management and control decisions with the aid of surveillance techniques, information systems and technology applications to generate pressure and production histories, maps and other key reservoir data.
Assignment Instruction:
Background Learning Prerequisites:
In order to successfully complete this assignment, you will need to complete the following Background Learning subtopics, or be familiar with the subject matter that they contain:
Basic Completion Design and Practices
Oil Well Testing
Fluid Flow and the Production System
- Production Systems
- Inflow Performance Relationship
- Vertical Lift Performance
- Flowing Well Performance
Production Performance Evaluation
Fundamentals of Reservoir Engineering
Improved Recovery Processes
Reservoir Modeling and Reserves Evaluation
Issues in Reservoir Management
31 - Reservoir Model Updating (a165)
Competency Statement:
Learning Objective:
- Incorporate new production data (selective & differential) into the reservoir model, along with new information from well/core analyses.
- Refine the reservoir model based on differences between predicted and actual pressure and production data.
Assignment Instruction:
- Data summary
- Grid data
- Thickness data
- Porosity data
- Permeability data
- Saturation data
With this updated reservoir model, you can test different exploitation scenarios to determine which one results in the optimal economic recovery.
The field is presently under development, during which time it has been placed on limited production. Active wells include 4E1-NE, 2A5-NE, 5A1-SW and 5A2-SE.
Background Learning Prerequisites:
In order to successfully complete this assignment, you will need to complete the following Background Learning subtopics, or be familiar with the subject matter that they contain:
Perforating
Fundamentals of Reservoir Engineering
Reservoir Modeling and Reserves Evaluation
Issues in Reservoir Management
32 - Reservoir Rock and Fluid Properties (a1)
Competency Statement:
Learning Objective:
- define the following reservoir properties and understand their importance in the overall reservoir development scheme:
- Rock properties: porosity, permeability, fluid saturation, compressibility, anisotropy
- Fluid properties: phase behavior, PVT relationships, density, viscosity, compressibility, formation volume factor, gas-oil ratio
- Rock/fluid interactions: wettability, interfacial tension, capillary pressure, relative permeability
- read and understand wellsite descriptions of recovered core material, evaluate the core handling and preservation techniques employed, and select sample intervals for laboratory analysis
- generate a procedure for preparing and analyzing selected core samples, specifying the tests to be run and the information to be obtained; describe the laboratory techniques and perform the calculations used for determining rock properties
- design procedures for obtaining representative surface and subsurface formation fluid samples
- describe procedures for generating PVT analyses of reservoir fluid samples, and interpret the resulting reports
- use published correlations to estimate reservoir fluid properties
Assignment Instruction:
You will be in charge of obtaining representative fluid samples and determining their Pressure-Volume-Temperature (PVT) characteristics. You will also design a coring and core analysis program for a new well, and use the results to define basic rock properties and rock-fluid interactions.
The discovery well, Well 4E1-NE, tested at 1550 STB/D of 35 degree API oil [246 m3/D, 0.85 specific gravity], with a producing gas-oil ratio of 680 SCF/STB [121 m3/m3] and a water cut of about three percent. It is currently on an extended production test.
The second well drilled in this field , Well 5C1-SW, tested all water and was subsequently suspended.
Before your company acquired these drilling blocks, a medium-sized independent had run a series of seismic surveys in the area. Your company purchased these data, from which the Geology and Geophysics departments constructed a subsurface contour map showing the approximate structure boundaries and the top of the Upper Sand.
You are now part of the interdisciplinary team charged with characterizing the reservoir and developing an optimal exploitation strategy. Right now, you do not have much to work with—just the contour map and the well data obtained so far. (You can access this material by clicking on the References that accompany each assignment question.)
What you will need to do at this point, then, is to use the available data to try to define some basic reservoir rock and fluid properties.
Background Learning Prerequisites:
In order to successfully complete this assignment, you will need to complete the following Background Learning subtopics, or be familiar with the subject matter that they contain:
Fundamentals of Reservoir Engineering
Coring and Core Analysis
- Borehole Environment
- Bottomhole Coring (Coring While Drilling)
- Sidewall Coring (Coring After Drilling)
- Major Types of Core Analysis
- Core Sample Preparation
- Porosity Measurement
- Permeability Measurement
- Saturation Measurement
- Complementary Core Information
- Core Analysis Reports
- Special Core Analysis
Fluid Sampling and Analysis
33 - Reservoir Simulation (a130)
Competency Statement:
Learning Objective:
- define reservoir simulation objectives
- define simulator geometry and dimensions, and assign flow equations to the proposed model
- define simulator grid and boundary conditions
- compile reservoir model input parameters
- develop finite-difference approximations to solve the flow equations
- plan numerical simulation computer runs and interpret the results
- use simulation results to determine the optimum exploitation scheme
Assignment Instruction:
- Gather all relevant reservoir data.
- Initialize the developed model.
- Validate the model using a history matching process.
- Forecast the reservoir's future behavior.
Once the structure, thickness, porosity and permeability maps are obtained, the data need to be discretized according to the gridding system used. Fluid properties are entered into the model either using a data table or in the form of a correlation. For multi-phase flow problems, relative permeability relationships and capillary pressure curves also need to be obtained.
Models are typically initialized with respect to the water/oil or gas/oil contact depths and a reference datum-level pressure value.
For the initialization, the simulator is run until the hydrostatic equilibrium of the existing phases is established.
Validation of the model requires a detailed production history of all wells in the reservoir. The production data should contain information about open intervals, well stimulations and production rate of each phase (oil, gas, water).
After the model is history matched against the existing production data, it can be used to predict future reservoir behavior for different development scenarios.
Keep in mind that these predictions are only as good as the basic input that was entered into the model.
Your assignment here is to gather all the iso-surface maps and fit a body-centered grid on top of the reservoir structure.
You also need to collect all the PVT data that will be used during the simulation.
Background Learning Prerequisites:
In order to successfully complete this assignment, you will need to complete the following Background Learning subtopics, or be familiar with the subject matter that they contain:
Fundamentals of Reservoir Engineering
Improved Recovery Processes
Reservoir Modeling and Reserves Evaluation
34 - Reservoir Surveillance and Control (a208)
Competency Statement:
Learning Objective:
- compare actual reservoir behavior to various performance prediction tools and account for differences
- evaluate the effectiveness of the exploitation strategy
explain reasons why actual reservoir performance deviated from initial predictions
Assignment Instruction:
Background Learning Prerequisites:
In order to successfully complete this assignment, you will need to complete the following Background Learning subtopics, or be familiar with the subject matter that they contain:
Fundamentals of Reservoir Engineering
- Basic Concepts in Reservoir Engineering
- Basic Concepts in Reservoir Engineering
- Reservoir Fluid Flow & Natural Drive Mechanisms
- Reservoir Fluid Flow & Natural Drive Mechanisms
Improved Recovery Processes
- Secondary Recovery: Waterflooding & Gas Injection
- Secondary Recovery: Waterflooding & Gas Injection
- Enhanced Recovery: Miscible Flooding
- Exercise No. 6
- Exercise No. 7
Reservoir Modeling and Reserves Evaluation
Issues in Reservoir Management
35 - Rock Mechanics Fundamentals (a2)
Competency Statement:
Learning Objective:
- define the following rock mechanical properties under various conditions of confining pressure, describe how these properties influence wellbore stability, directional drilling considerations, well completion design and other aspects of reservoir development, and know how they are measured in the laboratory:
- Brinell hardness
- Tensile strength
- Normal/shear stress relationships and failure mechanisms (Mohr circles)
- Young’s modulus
- Poisson’s ratio
- Compressive strength
- Shear strength
Assignment Instruction:
In this assignment, you will define rock mechanical properties based on an analysis of core samples from Well 2A5-NE. You will:
| (1) | select core samples for measuring rock mechanical properties | |
| (2) | estimate the overburden and pore pressuress at reservoir depth | |
| (3) | determine rock mechanical properties under reservoir conditions | |
| (4) | calculate rock compressive strength, Young's Modulus and Poisson's ratio, | |
| (5) | Use a Mohr diagram to interpret the reservoir's shear stress rate |
Background Learning Prerequisites:
In order to successfully complete this assignment, you will need to complete the following Background Learning subtopics, or be familiar with the subject matter that they contain:
Structural Geology
Coring and Core Analysis
S 36 - Stability and Rock Deformation Models (a3)
Competency Statement:
Learning Objective:
- identify the presence and orientation of fracture systems in the reservoir
Assignment Instruction:
We then apply this empirical knowledge to the formation by combining our core observations with such geologic information as well logs, structure maps and regional outcrop studies.
In this assignment, you will review core descriptions for evidence of natural fractures and other tectonic activity. You will then incorporate your observations with other data sources to determine the principal stress directions in the formation.
Core analysis, including rock mechanical properties tests, have been done on selected samples from Well 2A5-NE. Early seismic measurements and log data from offset wells indicate that the reservoir is bounded by normal faults on the east and west.
Your objective in reviewing this core information is to
| (1) | determine the formation’s principal stress directions, | |
| (2) | and find indications of tectonic activity. |
Background Learning Prerequisites:
In order to successfully complete this assignment, you will need to complete the following Background Learning subtopics, or be familiar with the subject matter that they contain:
Structural Geology
Coring and Core Analysis
37 - Subsurface Mapping (a125)
Competency Statement:
Learning Objective:
- generate geologic cross sections from well logs.
- draw subsurface contours and construct geologic and geophysical maps.
Assignment Instruction:
To complete the assignment, you will consider several additional formation parameters that may be conducive to subsurface contour mapping, and consider how they could be used to describe this reservoir.
Background Learning Prerequisites:
In order to successfully complete this assignment, you will need to complete the following Background Learning subtopics, or be familiar with the subject matter that they contain:
Geologic Cross-Sections
- Cross-Section Elements
- Cross-Sections in Two Dimensions
- Cross-Section Diagrams in Three-Dimensions
- Cross-Sections: Computer Methods
Subsurface Mapping
Structural Geology
Seismic Contouring
- Contouring Fundamentals
- Contouring by Hand
- Contouring by Machine
- Interval Maps
- Contour Maps: Operations
Reservoir Environments and Characterization
Issues in Reservoir Management
38 - Surface Production Operations (a285)
Competency Statement:
Learning Objective:
- Review surface flowing well conditions with the goal of optimizing production.
- Describe the basic layout of an upstream producing facility and the functions of its major components.
- Outline the general requirements for separating and treating produced oil as a basis for a detailed facility design.
- Plan and oversee routine field maintenance work, and maintain a safe operation through proper application of good work practices and the careful control of site activities.
Assignment Instruction:
Background Learning Prerequisites:
In order to successfully complete this assignment, you will need to complete the following Background Learning subtopics, or be familiar with the subject matter that they contain:
Wellheads, Flow Control Equipment and Flowlines
Fluid Separation and Treatment
Oilfield Safety
- Emergency Prepareness
- Incident Reporting & Investigation
- Safety Hazards in Oil & Gas Production
- Safe Work Practices
- Safety & Control of Site Activities
- Fire Prevention & Control
Fluid Flow and the Production System
Oil Systems and Equipment
Gas Systems and Equipment
Water Systems and Equipment
Instrumentation
W 39 - Well Completion Design (a42)
Competency Statement:
Learning Objective:
- select the proper sizes and grades of tubulars to maintain the integrity of the wellbore and handle anticipated production
- select the downhole casing and tubing accessories needed to optimize production and future well work
Assignment Instruction:
In this assignment, you will work on the well's completion design. You will select the completion type and tubing configuration, specify the casing and tubing diameters to be used, and design the surface and production casing strings.
The success of your design will depend on how well it handles the anticipated production, compatibility of the various hole, casing and tubing sizes, adequacy of the casing design loads, and cost.
Background Learning Prerequisites:
In order to successfully complete this assignment, you will need to complete the following Background Learning subtopics, or be familiar with the subject matter that they contain:
Well Planning
Basic Completion Design and Practices
40 - Well Completion Operations (a245)
Competency Statement:
Learning Objective:
- Prepare the well for open-hole logging operations and take steps to ensure that such operations proceed smoothly.
- Alert the wellsite geologist and service company logging engineer of hole conditions that may require modifications or special precautions in the logging program.
- Assist in planning and carrying out a drill stem test.
- Determine safe operating parameters for running a production casing string.
- Plan and carry out a simple single-stage primary cementing operation.
- Use temperature surveys to determine the top of cement in the casing/hole annulus.
- Outline the steps involved in preparing the well for final completion and releasing the drilling rig.
Assignment Instruction:
Background Learning Prerequisites:
In order to successfully complete this assignment, you will need to complete the following Background Learning subtopics, or be familiar with the subject matter that they contain:
Wellheads, Flow Control Equipment and Flowlines
Directional and Horizontal Drilling
Drilling Problems and Drilling Optimization
Cementing
- Manufacture & Classification of Oilwell Cements
- Cement Testing Procedures
- Cement Additives
- Primary Cementing Equipment
- Primary Cementing Operations
- Squeeze Cementing
- Cement Plugs
- Evaluating/Testing the Cement Job
- Fluid Flow Properties & Mud Displacement
Perforating
Drillstem Testing
- Types of Drillstem Tests
- Tool String: Conventional DST (Open Hole)
- Tool String: Other DST Types
- Testing on Floating Vessels
- Pressure Recorders for DSTs
- Surface DST Equipment
- DST Design & Field Procedures
- DST Interpretation: General Aspects
- DST Interpretation: Qualitative Analysis
- DST Interpretation: Quantitative Analysis
Logging Equipment and Procedures
Well Logging Tools and Techniques
41 - Well Design (a242)
Competency Statement:
Learning Objective:
- Select a surface location for a new well and establish an optimal target radius
- Pick casing points and specify casing and hole diameters for each drilled section
- Establish a well trajectory in keeping with overall drilling objectives
- Select casing weights, grades and connections based on consideration of maximum load conditions
- Determine general requirements for primary cementing operations.
- Specify wellhead equipment components and their working pressure ratings.
Assignment Instruction:
Background Learning Prerequisites:
In order to successfully complete this assignment, you will need to complete the following Background Learning subtopics, or be familiar with the subject matter that they contain:
Wellheads, Flow Control Equipment and Flowlines
Well Planning
- Well Selection
- AFE Preparation
- Well Plan Organization & Data Gathering
- Well Design Considerations
- Rig Design Considerations
- Procedures
Directional and Horizontal Drilling
Drilling Problems and Drilling Optimization
Completion Equipment
42 - Well Log Interpretation (a124)
Competency Statement:
Learning Objective:
- Use log analysis to identify reservoir rock properties (fluid saturation, porosity, fluid contacts, permeabilities, bulk shale content, net oil sand, fractures)
Assignment Instruction:
The open hole formation evaluation program at Well 2A5-NE is in progress, and field copies of the lithology, resistivity and porosity logs are now available. Your job in this assignment is to review these logs and make an initial evaluation of the well's hydrocarbon potential. Your evaluation is an important first step in deciding whether to complete the well, so be sure to carefully examine the log data.
Background Learning Prerequisites:
In order to successfully complete this assignment, you will need to complete the following Background Learning subtopics, or be familiar with the subject matter that they contain:
Well Log Interpretation
- Quick-Look Analysis
- Fluid Saturation
- Fractures
- Porosity
- Lithology
- Interpretation Models
- Computer Applications
- Field Studies
Dipmeter Surveys
43 - Well Log Quality Control (a123)
Competency Statement:
Learning Objective:
- monitor the quality control of logging procedures, including calibration, correction and choice of scales)
Assignment Instruction:
You are approaching target depth on Well 2A5-NE, and you will shortly be calling out the service company crew to log the 8 1/2 inch hole interval. Your job in this assignment is to establish some general guidelines for conducting logging operations, review tool calibrations and monitor survey progress.
Background Learning Prerequisites:
In order to successfully complete this assignment, you will need to complete the following Background Learning subtopics, or be familiar with the subject matter that they contain:
44 - Well Planning (a41)
Competency Statement:
Learning Objective:
- contribute to the well planning process by understanding the reservoir engineering aspects of the proposed work and having a knowledge of drilling, workover and well servicing fundamentals
- work with the geologist and the drilling engineer to select well locations, target depths and casing points
Assignment Instruction:
Background Learning Prerequisites:
In order to successfully complete this assignment, you will need to complete the following Background Learning subtopics, or be familiar with the subject matter that they contain:
Well Planning
Drilling Problems and Drilling Optimization
45 - Well Stimulation and Sand Control (a283)
Competency Statement:
Learning Objective:
- Diagnose various types of formation damage and identify stimulation candidates.
- Design a matrix acid stimulation treatment based on specific well conditions and reservoir characteristics.
- Specify the materials, equipment and pumping schedule for a hydraulic fracturing procedure.
- Apply traditional and modern sand control methods to optimize well productivity
Assignment Instruction:
Sand control technolgy is built around preventing loose sand and other unconsolidated formation solids from plugging the formation or entering the wellbore. As you will see in this assignment, stimulation and sand control technologies are in some ways closely related, and under certain circumstances, may even overlap.
In this assignment, you will carry out preliminary design work both for a matrix acid stimulation and a hydraulic fracture treatment, and will also select the appropriate sand control measures for a flowing production well. In each case, you will evaluate the nature and extent of the near-wellbore damage that has made stimulation and/or sand control necessary.
Background Learning Prerequisites:
In order to successfully complete this assignment, you will need to complete the following Background Learning subtopics, or be familiar with the subject matter that they contain:
Basic Completion Design and Practices
Acidizing and Other Chemical Treatments
- Acid Treating Solutions
- Additives in Acidizing Fluids
- Matrix Acidizing
- Fracture Acidizing
- Diverting Materials in Acidizing
- Wellbore Cleanout and Scale Removal
- Paraffins and Asphaltenes
Hydraulic Fracturing
- Hydraulic Fracturing Fundamentals
- Hydraulic Fracturing Fluids
- Proppant Agents
- Acid Fracturing
- Hydraulic Fracture Treatment Design & Execution
- Hydraulic Fracturing: Emerging Technologies
Sand Control
46 - Well Testing (a84)
Competency Statement:
Learning Objective:
- select candidate wells for testing and specify test objectives
- design a pressure transient test and select equipment in keeping with the stated objectives
- monitor the test and interpret the results
Assignment Instruction:
Formation evaluation of the Upper/Middle sands--including successful production tests of Wells 4E1-NE and 5A1-SW--has established this reservoir's commercial hydrocarbon potential. The reservoir management team has generated estimates of oil in place and recovery factors; it has even predicted a production schedule and outlined basic surface facility specifications. These estimates are, however, very preliminary, and based on assumptions which may or may not prove valid over time. There is still a good deal of appraisal and planning to be done before the reservoir moves into the development stage of its life.
Your assignment in this Learning Module is to assist in the reservoir appraisal by developing general guidelines for a well testing program, based on your understanding of formation evaluation objectives and test procedures. You will also be looking at DST results from wells in other fields so that you may become familiar with basic methods of test monitoring and interpretation. In later assignments, you will become more involved in the analysis of pressure transient tests, particularly with respect to modern interpretation methods.
Background Learning Prerequisites:
In order to successfully complete this assignment, you will need to complete the following Background Learning subtopics, or be familiar with the subject matter that they contain:
Fundamentals of Well Testing
- Pressure Profiles at the Wellbore
- Quantitative Well Test Interpretation
- Well Test Planning & Execution
Gas Well Testing
- Conventional & Isochronal Gas Well Tests
- Additional Testing Options
- Special Considerations in Testing Gas Wells
- Test Procedures & Regulations (Examples)
Oil Well Testing
Drillstem Testing
47 - Wireline Well Logging (a122)
Competency Statement:
Learning Objective:
- select the appropriate logging tool(s) for evaluating a given reservoir prameter, taking into account operating conditions and limitations.
- specify procedures, surface equipment, and auxiliary tools to be employed on a logging job.
Assignment Instruction:
Conductor casing has been set at Well 2A5-NE, and the surface hole is currently being drilled. Your tasks in this assignment are to review the surface logging program, and then to select the appropriate tools for logging from Target Depth to the shoe of the surface casing.
Background Learning Prerequisites:
In order to successfully complete this assignment, you will need to complete the following Background Learning subtopics, or be familiar with the subject matter that they contain:
48 - Workover Planning and Operations (a284)
Competency Statement:
Learning Objective:
- Evaluate well performance and identify workover or abandonment candidates.
- Plan safe workovers using the tools and methods appropriate to individual wells.
- Apply procedures and standards in accordance with recognized safe practices and regulatory requirements.
Assignment Instruction:
Background Learning Prerequisites:
In order to successfully complete this assignment, you will need to complete the following Background Learning subtopics, or be familiar with the subject matter that they contain:
Wireline Production Operations
- Wireline Surface Equipment
- Wireline Tool String, Basic Components
- Wireline-Operated Completion & Production Control Equipment
- Wireline Remedial Operations
Oilfield Safety
Basic Completion Design and Practices
Cementing
- Manufacture & Classification of Oilwell Cements
- Cement Additives
- Squeeze Cementing
- Cement Plugs
- Evaluating/Testing the Cement Job
Perforating
- Perforating Gun Types
- Perforating & Production Performance
- Electric Wireline Perforating
- Tubing-Conveyed Perforating
Fluid Flow and the Production System
Completion Equipment